[65] Pagan largely stayed out of the affairs of these outlying states, only interfering when there were outright revolts, such as Arakan and Martaban in the late 1250s or northern Kachin Hills in 1277. "Pagan Period"; also commonly known as the Pagan Dynasty and the Pagan Empire) was the first kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Burma (Myanmar). Therefore, it is one of the longest dynasties in Myanmar History. [100]), Another architectural innovation originated in Pagan is the Buddhist temple with a pentagonal floor plan. The court was also the chief justice of the land. After King Anawrahta (r. 1044 1077) became its ruler, he… On 17 December 1297, the three brothers overthrew Kyawswa, and founded the Myinsaing Kingdom. The role and power of the Hluttaw grew greatly in the following decades. Myinsaing Sithu does not appear in any of the chronicles.[3]. The Dhammayazika and the Ngamyethna Pagoda are examples of the pentagonal design. Like that of the Pyu, the original home of Burmans prior to Yunnan is believed to be in present-day Qinghai and Gansu provinces. [81], At Pagan and at main provincial centres, Buddhist temples supported an increasingly sophisticated Pali scholarship, which specialised in grammar and philosophical-psychological (abhidhamma) studies, and which reportedly won the admiration of Sinhalese experts. After defeating the rival Mon kingdom, the King was able to consolidate his power and unite Myanmar for the first time. 3. The origins of the Pagan kingdom have been reconstructed using archaeological evidence as well as the Burmese chronicle tradition. The farther away the data are from 1044, the less verifiable they are. [98], Other traditions also continued to thrive not only at the village level but also at the nominally Theravadin court. Much of the wealth was devoted to temple building. Part III : … Anawrahta's line continued to rule Pagan as governors under Myinsaing, Pinya and Ava Kingdoms until 1368/69. A bondman's obligations ceased with death, and could not be perpetuated down to his descendants. The first extant Burmese language reference to "Burmans" appeared only in 1190, and the first reference to Upper Burma as "the land of the Burmans" (Myanma pyay) in 1235. [101] Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century). Below is a partial list of early Pagan kings as reported by Hmannan, shown in comparison with Hmannan dates adjusted to 1044 and the list of Zatadawbon Yazawin (the Royal Horoscopes Chronicle). [28] The region of Pagan received waves of Burman settlements in the mid-to-late 9th century, and perhaps well into the 10th century. Pagan's rulers built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone of which over 2000 remain. ), The following are based on the reign dates in the Burmese calendar given in Maha Yazawin and Hmannan Yazawin chronicles. by King Anawrahta in 1044-77 AD. In 516AD King Thaik Taing the 12th in line founded the third Capital Tampawaddy, also referred to as Pwa Saw. A pe (ပယ်, 0.71 hectare) of fertile land near Pagan cost 20 silver kyats but only 1 to 10 kyats away from the capital. The Pyu practice of issuing gold and silver coinage was not retained. A key turning point came c. 1056 when the Buddhist school won the royal patronage of an ascendant empire with Anawrahta's conversion from his native Tantric Buddhism. Pagan is well known today for its architecture, and over 2000 remaining temples that dot the Pagan plains today. [8][9], The Glass Palace Chronicle traces the origins of the Pagan kingdom to India during the 9th century BCE, more than three centuries before the Buddha was born. [73] A Chinese account mentions a Burmese army of 40,000 to 60,000 (including 800 elephants and 10,000 horses) at the battle of Ngasaunggyan in 1277. Pagan's military was the origin of the Royal Burmese Army. According to the chronicles, Bagan was founded in AD 107 by the Thamoddarit and ruled by a line of 55 kings. The Burmans may have derived the concept of an official pantheon from Mon tradition. Burman immigrants are believed to have either introduced new water management techniques or greatly enhanced existing Pyu system of weirs, dams, sluices, and diversionary barricades. [11] The site reportedly was visited by the Buddha himself during his lifetime, and it was where he allegedly pronounced that a great kingdom would arise at this very location 651 years after his death. Pagan's 250-year rule over the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery laid the foundation for the ascent of Burmese language and culture, the spread of Burman ethnicity in Upper Burma, and the growth of Theravada Buddhism in Burma and in mainland Southeast Asia. [76] The base unit of currency of the silver kyat (ကျပ်), which was not a unit of value but rather a unit of weight at approximately 16.3293 grams. Martaban again revolted in 1285. Other weight-based units in relation to the kyat were also in use. [48] The Pyus receded into the background, and by the early 13th century, had largely assumed the Burman ethnicity. Although Buphaya is not one of Bagan's impressive monuments,it is an attractive pagoda because of its age and location is on the bank of Irrawaddy river.It was built by King Pyusawhti in 3rd century at the place where he was quelled the giant gourd plant. Conscription was based on the kyundaw system (called the ahmudan system by later dynasties), which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. Most of the dates below are by Than Tun and Gordon Luce who had checked the chronicle reported dates with inscriptions. [100], Originally, an Indian/Ceylonese stupa had a hemispheric body (Pali: anda, "the egg") on which a rectangular box surrounded by a stone balustrade (harmika) was set. First, royal servicemen were bondsmen (kyundaw, ကျွန်တော်) of the king, and were often assigned to individual headmen and officials who acted as the king's representatives. In the 12th and 13th centuries, for example, Pagan made a point of appointing its governors in the Tenasserim coast to closely supervise the ports and revenues. He argues that the Mon script found in Burma was sufficiently different from the older Mon script found in the Mon homelands of Dvaravati or Haripunjaya (in present-day Thailand) with no archaeological evidence to prove any linkage between the two. But the spread of the language to the masses lagged behind the founding of the Pagan Empire by 75 to 150 years. [61], The kingdom was an "ethnic mosaic". For instance, many types of silver kyats with varying degrees of purity were in use. G.H. Bagan King is a boutique hotel of unique decor located in the heart of Mandalay, attended by a friendly and dedicated staff. The earliest irrigation projects focused on Kyaukse where Burmans built a large number of new weirs and diversionary canals, and Minbu a similarly well-watered district south of Pagan. Temple building projects, which began in earnest during Kyansittha's reign, became increasingly grandiose, and began to transition into a distinctively Burman architectural style from earlier Pyu and Mon norms. The King thus stopped the works for 6 years. "country", ပြည်, [pjì]), and administered farther surrounding regions as tributary vassal states (naingngans, lit. [42], Pagan reached the height of political and administrative development during the reigns of Narapatisithu (Sithu II; r. 1174–1211) and Htilominlo (r. 1211–1235). In fact, no evidence of royal censuses or direct contact between the Pagan court and headmen beneath the governors has been found. (Though Anawrahta is said to have driven out the Aris from his court, they were certainly back at the court by the late Pagan period, and continued to be a presence at the later Burmese courts down to the Ava period.) [47] His reign also saw the realignment of Burmese Buddhism with Ceylon's Mahavihara school. The founder of the Bagan Empire was King Anawrahta (1044-1077). All the vassal states of Pagan revolted right after the king's death, and went their own way. Mingalazedi Pagoda is the last pagoda of the Bagan dynasty built by King Narathihapatae (1256-1287). As late as 1273, a complete set of the Tripiṭaka cost 3000 kyats of silver, which could buy over 2000 hectares of paddy fields. Much of the institutional mechanisms prevalent in later centuries simply did not yet exist. [81], Various estimates put the population of Pagan Empire as anywhere between one and two and a half million[82] but most estimates put it between one and a half and two million at its height. Arakanese records give a day earlier, 1 January 1785. The region, known as Ledwin (လယ်တွင်း, lit. From this fusion would result the Burmese people, and the foundations of modern Burmese culture. [44] The kingdom's borders expanded to its greatest extent. The members of the court can be divided into three general categories: royalty, ministers, and subordinate officials. [10] The earliest evidence of civilisation thus far dates to 11,000 BCE. [106] Only in the former Khmer Empire, did the Thai/Lao ethnicity and Thai/Lao languages spread permanently at the expense of the Mon-Khmer speaking peoples, not unlike the Burman takeover of the Pyu realm four centuries earlier. The state had stopped expanding, but the practice of donating tax-free land to religion had not. Recent research indicates that Mongol armies may not have reached Pagan itself, and that even if they did, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal. Records show that people also used a system of barter to conduct commerce. Newly settled dry zone, This page was last edited on 5 March 2021, at 07:42. The earliest Burma Mon script (at Prome) is dated to 1093 while the earliest Burmese script (the copper-gilt umbrella inscription of the Mahabodhi Temple) is dated to 1035. [16] Archaeological evidence shows that as early as the 2nd century BCE the Pyu had built water-management systems along secondary streams in central and northern parts of the Irrawaddy basin and had founded one of Southeast Asia's earliest urban centres. King Pyinbya was the 34th king of the dynasty, who in 874 A.D. transferred the capital from Tampawaddy, now known as Pwasato. Surrounding the core region were the naingngans or tributary states, governed by local hereditary rulers as well as Pagan appointed governors, drawn from princely or ministerial families. Because of their farther distances from the capital, the regions' rulers/governors had greater autonomy. He supported and favoured Theravada Buddhism while tolerating other religious groups. [2][3] In the 12th and 13th centuries, Pagan, alongside the Khmer Empire, was one of two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia. Although King Anawrahta was the greatest king of Bagan dynasty , he was not the first king of Bagan. Culturally, the emergence of Pagan as a Theravada stronghold in the face of an expanding Hindu Khmer Empire from the 11th to 13th centuries provided the Buddhist school, which had been in retreat elsewhere in South Asia and Southeast Asia, a much needed reprieve and a safe shelter. 1 2012: 148, footnote 8): Thursday, Full moon of Tabodwe 648 ME = 30 January 1287. [58][59] The Mongol government at Yunnan executed their commanders but sent no more invasions. )[50] The powerful ministers also became kingmakers. [90] Inscriptional evidence indicates that Burmese became the lingua franca of the kingdom only in the early 12th century, and perhaps the late 12th century when the use of Pyu and Mon in official usage declined. The ruins of Bagan cover an area of 16 square miles. On the contrary, Pagan closely administered its peninsular ports, which were transit points between the Indian Ocean and China. While expending the empire he brought back many Indian-Muslim captives. [107] In Burma, the result was the opposite: the Shan leadership, as well as lowland Shan immigrants of Myinsaing, Pinya, Sagaing and Ava Kingdoms came to adopt Burmese cultural norms, the Burmese language, and the Burman ethnicity. The real power in Upper Burma now rested with three brothers, who were former Pagan commanders, of nearby Myinsaing. King Pyinbya was the builder of the city walls of Bagan today. Inside these stupas a combination of images were placed which were neither Buddhist nor Nat, these images were worshiped by the kings and the people with offerings of food and liquor. But in the Pagan era, key 19th century elements were not yet in place. In the areas of city planning and temple design, Pagan architecture borrowed heavily from existing Pyu architectural practices, which in turn were based on various Indian styles. Indeed, Htilominlo was the last of the temple builders although most of his temples were in remote lands not in the Pagan region, reflecting the deteriorating state of royal treasury. This basic system of military organisation was largely unchanged down to the precolonial period although later dynasties, especially the Toungoo Dynasty, did introduce standardisation and other modifications. The king, also known as Sithu I, actively expanded frontier colonies and built new irrigation systems throughout the kingdom. Besides religious texts, Pagan's monks read works in a variety of languages on prosody, phonology, grammar, astrology, alchemy, and medicine, and developed an independent school of legal studies. King Pyinbya was the 34th King Dynasty, who in 874 AD He moved the capital from Tampawaddy, now known as Pwasato. People changed their in-group identification, depending on the social context. "rice country"), became the granary, the economic key of the north country. He also introduced standardised weights and measures throughout the country to assist administration as well as trade. [2] In the early 13th century, Pagan, alongside the Khmer Empire, was one of two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia.[4]. Land reclamation, religious donations, and building projects expanded slowly before 1050, increased to 1100, accelerated sharply with the opening of new lands between c. 1140 and c. 1210 and continued at a lower level from 1220 to 1300.[76]. However recent research, though not yet settled, suggests that the Burmese script may have been derived in the 10th century from the Pyu script instead. As another sign of delegation of power, Sithu II also appointed a chief justice and a chief minister.[69]. [91], The spread of Burmese language was accompanied by that of the Burmese script. This design grew out of hybrid (between one-face and four-face designs) designs. Internal and external trade played an important but minor role in Pagan's economy. Still, no archaeological, textual or inscriptional evidence to indicate that such exports supported large numbers of producers or middlemen in Upper Burma itself, or that trade constituted a large part of the economy. (The problem was exacerbated to a smaller degree by powerful ministers, who exploited succession disputes and accumulated their own lands at the expense of the crown.) Luce does not recognize Naratheinkha, and proposes an interregnum of nine years between 1165 and 1174. The standardisation provided an impetus for the monetisation of Pagan's economy, the full impact of which however would not be felt until later in the 12th century. See more ideas about myanmar art, vintage myanmar, burma. By the second half of the 13th century, several key ports in Lower Burma (Prome, Bassein, Dala) were all ruled by senior princes of the royal family. Though the army was driven back, it left no doubt as to who held the real power in central Burma. Over the next ten years, he founded the Pagan Empire, the Irrawaddy valley at the core, surrounded by tributary states. [89], The primary language of the ruling class of Pagan was Burmese, a Tibeto-Burman language related to both the Pyu language and the language of the ruling class of Nanzhao. When Narathihapate refused both times, the Mongols under Kublai Khan systematically invaded the country. [47][84], Another important development in Burmese history and Burmese language was the rise of Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. However, the Ceylonese interaction was possible only because the Theravada monk order was restarted in 1071–1072 by the monks from Pagan per (Harvey 1925: 32–33) and (Htin Aung 1967: 35). [94] At any rate, local illiteracy probably prevented the sort of detailed village censuses and legal rulings that became a hallmark of post-1550 Toungoo administration. The low levels of interaction in turn retarded literacy in Burmese, and limited most commoners' understanding of Buddhism to non-textual means: paintings at the great temples, pageants, folkloric versions of the Jataka stories of the Buddha's life, etc. According to Lieberman, Pagan's imperial power enabled the "construction of Burman cultural hegemony", evidenced by "the growth of Burmese writing, the concomitant decline in Pyu (and perhaps Mon) culture, new trends in art and architecture, and the expansion of Burmese-speaking cultivators into new lands". Harvey (Harvey 1925: 366) for the most part are off by a year (a year later) than chronicle and inscriptionally-verified dates. Indeed, if a recast 18th century copy of an original stone inscription is permissible as evidence, the Burmese script had already been in use at least since 984 CE. [77] Ultimately, the practice proved unsustainable when the empire had stopped growing physically, and a major factor in the empire's downfall. Here we love to share with you the best place to visit around Bagan area. [49] Htilomino hardly did any governing. (Both religious lands and cultivators were permanently tax exempt.) (No Pagan king after Sithu II ever took command of the army again. Sri Ksetra lasted nearly six centuries, and was succeeded in turn by the kingdom of Pagan. Cham and Mon inscriptions first mentioned Pagan in 1050 and 1093, respectively.[30]. Whereas Burma would see a resurgence, the post-Mongol Khmer state was reduced to a mere shadow of her former self, never to regain her preeminence.
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